1701006068 CASE PRESENTATION

 LONG CASE 

A 70-year-old male has presented to the hospital on 06 June 2022 with the chief complaints of

• slurring of speech 
• difficulty in walking
• weakness of right upper and lower limbs 

since 9 days

TIMELINE OF EVENTS:

HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS:

The patient was leading a peaceful life with his wife. He would wake up every day at about 6am, freshen up, have breakfast and do his daily chores like grazing the cattle till the afternoon. He would then have lunch and take a nap till evening. He then hung out with the neighbours, had dinner and rested for the day. This was his routine.

1st episode: Patient had been asymptomatic until 3 years ago when he suddenly acquired weakness in his right upper and lower limbs, with no slurring of speech. After being treated, he was able to recover. 

2nd episode: He suffered a second episode of abrupt onset weakening of the right upper and lower limbs a year ago, which was accompanied by drooping of the mouth and saliva dribbling. He was treated for it again and fully healed. 

3rd episode: He developed weakness of the left upper and lower limbs 9 days ago. He first was not able to walk then eat and then developed speech abnormality. He then went to an RMP and it was found that his blood pressure was high and advised the patient to go to the hospital. These were sudden in onset and progressed gradually.

PAST HISTORY :

• not a known case of diabetes, asthma, epilepsy, or TB.
• diagnosed with hypertension 10 months ago and has been using atenolol 25mg since.

PERSONAL HISTORY :

• married
• normal appetite
• takes vegetarian diet predominantly
• bowel movements: regular
• micturition is normal
• no known allergies
• addictions: alcohol abstinence for 5 years.

No similar complaints in the family.

GENERAL EXAMINATION:

Done after obtaining consent, in a well-lit room, in the presence of an attendant, with adequate exposure. The patient is conscious, incoherent, cooperative, well-nourished, and well-oriented to time, but not oriented to place and person.

• No pallor icterus, Cyanosis, Koilonychia, Generalised Lymphadenopathy, Pedal oedema and clubbing
• Slight muscle wasting in the right upper arm is observed

VITALS 

• Temperature - afebrile
• Pulse rate- 70 bpm
• BP- 140/80 mm Hg
• Respiratory rate- 16/min

SYSTEMIC EXAMINATION:

1. CVS: S1 & S2 heard. No murmurs

2. Respiratory system: 

• Bilateral air entry present
• Normal vesicular breath sounds heard

3. Abdomen: Soft and non-tender. No organomegaly

4. CNS:

Dominance - Right-handed

   4a) Higher mental functions   

• conscious and cooperative but incoherent
• oriented to time, but not oriented to place and person.
• memory- not able to recognize family members
• Speech - only comprehension, no fluency, no repetition

   4b)  Cranial nerve examination:

• I- Olfactory nerve-  sense of smell present
• II- Optic nerve- direct and indirect light reflex present
• III- Oculomotor nerve, IV- Trochlear and VI- Abducens- no diplopia, nystagmus or ptosis
• V- Trigeminal nerve- Masseter, temporalis and pterygoid muscles are normal. Corneal reflex is present.
• VII- Facial nerve- face is symmetrical, unable to do forehead wrinkling, left nasolabial fold prominent than right.
• VIII- Vestibulocochlear nerve- no hearing loss
• IX- Glossopharyngeal nerve. X- Vagus- uvula not visualised
• XI- Accessory nerve- sternocleidomastoid contraction present
• XII- Hypoglossal nerve- Movements of tongue are normal, no fasciculations, no deviation of tongue

4c) Sensory system examination:

                                                             Right                                  Left  

• crude touch                         present                             present
• fine touch                              absent                             present               
• pain                                        absent                             present
• vibration                               absent                              present
• temperature                        absent                              present
• stereognosis-                       absent                              present 
• 2 pt discrimination-            absent                              present
• graphaesthesia-                  absent                              present 

 

                                                                  Right                                 Left  

   4d) Motor system examination

      4di) BULK:              U/L- arm           24.5 cm                           26 cm                                   

                                            -forearm     18 cm                              18 cm   

                                      

                                      L/L- thigh          44 cm                              44 cm

                                            - leg             28 cm                              28 cm

                  

      4dii) TONE:            U/L                   decreased                       normal

                                      L/L                    decreased                       normal

                          

UPPER LIMBS

LOWER LIMBS

                                                                 Right                                  Left  

      4diii) POWER:       U/L- hand           0/5                                   5/5

                                            - elbow         0/5                                   4/5

                                            - shoulder    0/5                                   5/5

                                      L/L- hip              0/5                                   4/5

                                           - knee           0/5                                   5/5   

                                           - ankle          0/5                                   4/5

LOWER LIMBS

UPPER LIMBS

HANDGRIP

                                                                Right                                  Left        

       4div) REFLEXES:    Biceps                +++                                    ++

                                     Triceps                 +++                                    ++

                                Supinator                 +++                                    ++

                                        Knee                 +++                                     ++

                                      Ankle                  +++                                     ++

                                    Plantar          extension                          neutral

RIGHT BICEP

RIGHT KNEE 

BABINSKI

      4dv) COORDINATION:  Absent 

      4dvi) GAIT

INVESTIGATIONS:

CBP

• Hemoglobin- 12.6 gm/dl (N)
• PCV- 35.2 % (N)
• TLC- 8600/ cumm (N)
• RBC- 4.33 million/cumm (N)
• Platelets- 2.58 lakhs/ml (N)

Blood urea- 24 mg/dl (N)

Serum creatinine- 1.3 mg/dl (N)

Serum sodium- 136 mEq/L  (N)

Serum potassium- 3.7 mmol/l (N)

Serum chloride- 104 mEq/L (N)

LFT

Total bilirubin- 0.61 mg/dl  (N)

Direct bilirubin-  0.16 mg/dl (N)

SGPT- 11 (N)

SGOT- 13 (N)

ALP- 105 IU/L (N)

Albumin- 4 g/dl (N)

ECG

MRI

DRUGS: 

PROVISIONAL DIAGNOSIS:

Acute ischemic stroke causing right sided hemiplegia (left MCA territory)

Recurrent CVA 

TREATMENT:

Tab. Ecosporine 150mg

Tab. Clopidogrel 75 mg

Tab. Atorvas 40mg

Tab. Atenolol 25mg

Physiotherapy

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

SHORT  CASE 

TIMELINE OF EVENTS:

A 47-year-old male has presented to the hospital on 02 June 2022 with the chief complaints of

• fever
• rash over the face

since 9 days

HISTORY OF PRESENT ILLNESS:

The patient was apparently asymptomatic ten years ago then she developed joint pains in both knees and ankles, then both hands. There was swelling, and stiffness in the morning for around 15 minutes, with movement restrictions. The patient was treated at a private hospital and was diagnosed as RA POSITIVE and was prescribed diclofenac.

PAST HISTORY :

• Patient had a history of vision deterioration and began wearing spectacles at the age of 15 years, but the loss of eyesight was gradual, progressive, and painless, and he was declared legally blind. No relevant drug or trauma history .
• not a known case of hypertension , diabetes, asthma, epilepsy, TB.

PERSONAL HISTORY :

• married
• normal appetite
• takes mixed diet 
• bowel movements: regular
• micturition is normal
• no known allergies
• addictions: none

No similar complaints in the family.

GENERAL EXAMINATION:

Done after obtaining consent. The patient is conscious, incoherent, cooperative, well-nourished, and well -oriented to time, but not oriented to place and person.

• Pallor: present 

• No icterus, cyanosis, clubbing,lymphadenopathy, edema.

VITALS 

• Temperature - afebrile

• PULSE:86BPM

• BP:120/80mm hg
• RR:16cpm

LOCAL EXAMINATION:

erythematous rash is present on the cheek bilaterally. 10 days back there was itching which was gradually subsided. 

A swelling is seen on the left lower Limb on the lateral aspect with itching, local rise of temperature and redness.Pigmentation is seen. Associated with pain which is throbbing in nature non radiating type no aggrevating or relieving factors.

SYSTEMIC EXAMINATION:

1. CVS: 

inspection: shape of the chest is normal

no visible  neck veins

No rise in JVP

No visible pulsation scars.

palpation: all inspectory findings are confirmed

apex beat normal at 5th ics medial to mcl

no additional palpable pulsations or murmurs

percussion: showed normal heart borders

auscultation: S1 S2 heard no murmurs or additional sounds

2. Respiratory system: 

inspection: normal chest shape bilaterally symmetrical, mediastinum central

no scars, Rr normal, no pulsations

palpation: Insp findings are confirmed 

percussion: normal resonant note present bilaterally 

auscultation: normal vesicular breath sounds heard

3. GIT:

inspection- normal scaphoid abdomen with no pulsations and scars

palpation - inspectory findings are confirmed

no organomegaly, non tender and soft 

percussion- normal resonant note present, liver border normal

auscultation-normal abdominal sounds heard, no bruit present

4. CNS:

   Higher mental functions   

• conscious and cooperative coherent
• oriented to time, place and person.
• memory- recent and immediate memory intact

CRANIAL NERVE EXAMINATION 

2nd cranial nerve. Right.       Left

Visual acuity.        Counting fingers

Counting fingers postive 

Direct light reflex present.    Present

Indirect light reflex present.      Present

Perception of light.   Present.   Present

Remaining cranial nerves normal.

SENSORY :

touch, pressure, vibration, and proprioception are normal in all limbs

MOTOR-: normal tone and power 

reflexes:        RT         LT

BICEPS        ++         ++

TRICEPS     ++          ++

SUPINATOR  ++        ++

KNEE            ++         ++

                                                      

INVESTIGATIONS:

CBP

• Hemoglobin- 6 gm/dl 
• PCV- 21 % 
• TLC- 8200/ cumm 
• RBC- 2.5 million/cumm 
• Platelets- 1.32 lakhs/ml 

RA Factor- 34.4 IU/L 

Blood urea- 24 mg/dl (N)

Serum creatinine- 1.3 mg/dl (N)

Serum sodium- 136 mEq/L  (N)

Serum potassium- 3.7 mmol/l (N)

Serum chloride- 104 mEq/L (N)

LFT

Total bilirubin- 0.61 mg/dl  (N)

Direct bilirubin-  0.16 mg/dl (N)

SGPT- 48IU/L 

SGOT- 55IU/L 

ALP- 194 IU/L 

Albumin- 4 g/dl (N)

XRAY

DRUGS

PROVISIONAL DIAGNOSIS:

Secondary sjogrens syndrome

left lower limb cellulitis

TREATMENT:

1.INJ PIPTAZ 4.5 gm IV/ TID.

2.INJ METROGEL100 ML IV/TID

3.INJ NEOMOL1GM/IV/SOS

4.TAB CHYMORAL FORATE PO/TID

5.TAB PAN 40 MG PO/ OD.

6.TAB TECZINE10 MG PO/OD

7.TAB OROFERPO/OD.

8.TAB HIFENAC-P PO/OD

9HYDROCOTISONE cream 1%on face for 1week.